Pathologic and immunohistochemistry findings in dogs naturally infected by canine distemper virus

A cinomose canina é uma doença viral e afeta principalmente os sistemas respiratório, gastrintestinal e nervoso. Neste trabalho foram analisados os achados patológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de 54 cães com cinomose de um total de 760 cães necropsiados no período de julho de 2006 a outubro de 2007. As lesões macroscópicas observadas foram caracterizadas por corrimento ocular e nasal mucopurulentas, hiperqueratose dos coxins digitais, pulmões avermelhados e não colapsados, atrofia do timo, conteúdo intestinal diarréico e placas de Peyer proeminentes. Os achados histológicos caracterizavamse principalmente por pneumonia intersticial, rarefação linfóide, desmielinização da substância branca, manguitos perivasculares e corpúsculos de inclusão intranucleares e intracitoplasmáticos, que se localizam principalmente na mucosa do estômago, epitélios da bexiga, brônquios e bronquíolos, pelve renal, coxins digitais, pálpebra, orelha e tonsila no sistema nervoso central e em células mononucleares dos linfonodos, baço e tonsilas. Os tecidos foram marcados pela técnica imuno-histoquímica utilizando o anticorpo monoclonal anti-cinomose canina. O coxim digital foi o tecido com maior número de casos marcados positivamente (67,4% dos casos), seguido pelo estômago com 62,7%. A imuno-histoquímica mostrou ser uma ferramenta importante para o estudo da distribuição do antígeno em cães infectados pela cinomose bem como indicou o melhor tecido para a confirmação do diagnóstico de casos suspeitos. ____________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTCanine distemper is a viral disease that affects mainly respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous system. The present study analyzes pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in 54 dogs with canine distemper of a total of 760 canine necropsies performed from July 2006 to October 2007. The gross lesions were characterized by mucopurulent oculonasal discharge, hyperkeratosis of footpads, red and not collapsed lungs, thymic atrophy, watery intestinal content, hyperemia and enlarged Peyer’s patches. The histological findings were characterized by interstitial pneumonia, lymphoid depletion, white matter demyelization, perivascular cuffs and intracytoplasmatic and intranuclear inclusion bodies located in epithelial cells of gastric mucosa, urinary bladder, bronchial, renal pelvis, footpads, eyelid, skin of the ear, tonsil, central nervous system and mononuclear cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils. Viral antigen was detected by an immunohistochemical procedure using a mouse monoclonal anti-canine distemper antibody. The footpads were the more constantly (67.4% of the cases) immunolabeled tissue, followed by stomach with 62.7%. Immunohistochemistry was demonstrated to be a useful tool for the study of viral antigen distribution in distemper affected dogs as well as it indicated which is the best tissue to be examined in order to confirm a suspected case of canine

Use of intracage ventilation systems in animal facilities

The breeding and housing of animal species in intensive production systems require a higher control of the environmental variables inside the facilities, on behalf of an atmosphere that maintains a sanitary status and also promotes the well-being of the animals. The husbandry of laboratory animals is one of those productive systems in which the environmental control should be quite rigorous due to the maintenance of defined animals such as specific pathogen-free and gnotobiotics. For a long period, the control of ventilation and environmental factors of conventional animal facilities was achieved by using thermodynamic principles used for human comfort. However, in the last decades, new approaches to solve the environmental problem in animal rooms were studied, and the ventilation systems developed with base in forced convection of the air were the ones that presented the best results until the present time. Thus, this review presents, in an historical perspective, the evolution of alternative devices for caging of laboratory animals and their effects on the animals

Avaliação do endotélio corneano de equinos após exposição à indocianina verde 0,5% : estudo in vitro

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether indocyanine green (ICG) dye damages the corneal endothelium of horses. Twenty-four corneas of 12 healthy equines, males or females, of different ages were used in this study. Only eyes with no ocular findings were used. Randomly, one eye was included in the treatment group and one in the control group. The eyes of the treatment group were exposed for 1 minute to dye ICG 0.5%. After that the endothelium of all eyes was stained with trypan blue and alizarin red S and analyzed and photographed under an optical microscope. Areas with damaged endothelial cells were manually measured and quantified using software for morphometric analysis and expressed as a percentage of cell damage. In all eyes examined areas of cell damage were observed in both corneas of the control group and the treatment group. The mean endothelial damage was 0.8 ± 0.37% in the treatment group and 0.97 ± 0.39% in the control. The Qui-square test stated that treatment and control group were not different. The ICG 0.5% did not cause acute damage to equine corneal endothelium.O objetivo do estudo foi investigar se indocianina verde (ICG) induz dano nas células do endotélio da córnea de equinos. Vinte e quatro córneas de 12 equinos saudáveis, machos ou fêmeas, de diferentes idades foram estudadas. Somente olhos hígidos foram utilizados. Aleatoriamente, um olho foi incluído no grupo controle e outro no grupo tratamento. Os olhos do grupo tratamento foram expostos durante um minuto à indocianina verde a 0,5%. Posteriormente, o endotélio da córnea foi corado com azul de tripano e vermelho de alizarina, analisado e fotografado usando microscópio óptico. As áreas com células endoteliais danificadas foram aferidas e quantificadas utilizando um software para análise morfométrica. Os valores encontrados foram expressos como percentual de perda celular. Em todos os olhos examinados foram observadas áreas de dano celular, tanto no grupo controle quanto no grupo tratamento. A perda celular endotelial média foi de 0,8±0,37% no grupo tratamento e 0,97 ± 0,39% no grupo controle. O teste Qui-quadrado confirmou que os grupos tratamento e controle não diferiram. Foi possível concluir que a ICG 0,5% não causou dano agudo nas células do endotélio da córnea de equinos

Sistema BIBLOS: controle de palavras-chave

O sistema BIBLOS realiza o controle das palavras-chave utilizadas no catálogo de assuntos da Biblioteca do CPD/PGCC da UFRGS. Implementado em MUMPS/M no microcomputador Polymax 101HS, executa rotinas de cadastramento, alteração e listagem de palavras-chave, automatizando os índices alfabético e numérico utilizados pela biblioteca

Contaminação de efluentes por amoxicilina: consequências ambientais e métodos de remoção

The intensification of pollution generated by human activities for decades, releasing effluents, in natura or partially treated, into receiving water bodies, causing serious damage to the environment. Among these effluents, drugs end up bringing a great concern, since they can be resistant even to conventional treatment processes, which ends up alerting to the problem of lack of adequate treatment. The objective of this work was to carry out an analysis of the effluent treatment methods used for the removal and degradation of the β-lactam antibiotic, amoxicillin. A bibliographic survey involving thirty-eight articles was carried out, with filtering and selection, resulting in only twelve works that met the established prerequisites. Most of the selected studies developed their analysis on artificially contaminated effluents, using adsorption techniques, advanced oxidative processes (POAs), wetlands, bioreactor with submerged membranes, activated carbon filter and hydrolysis. It is important to emphasize that each study operated with very particular techniques, which is the main reason for the different results found in very similar methods. The analysis showed that among the methods observed, only the traditional oxidation process with Fenton reagent, and the removal method by Alkaline Hydrolysis, with a pH of 12.5 in 60 minutes, reached 100% excellence in the removal of the antibiotic. At the other extreme, it was observed that the antibiotic removal technique through constructed wetlands reached a minimum removal of 15% and the POA with natural photolysis in 360 minutes with a removal of 24%. The numbers found show the importance of combining sewage treatment methods to achieve greater purity of the effluent that will be released into the environment.La intensificación de la contaminación generada por las actividades humanas durante décadas, liberando efluentes, in natura o parcialmente tratados, a los cuerpos de agua receptores, provocando graves daños al medio ambiente. Entre estos efluentes, los medicamentos acaban por traer una gran preocupación, ya que pueden ser resistentes incluso a los procesos de tratamiento convencionales, lo que acaba alertando sobre el problema de la falta de un tratamiento adecuado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un análisis de los métodos de tratamiento de efluentes utilizados para la remoción y degradación del antibiótico β-lactámico amoxicilina. Se realizó un relevamiento bibliográfico que involucró a treinta y ocho artículos, con filtrado y selección, dando como resultado solo doce trabajos que cumplieron con los prerrequisitos establecidos. La mayoría de los estudios seleccionados desarrollaron su análisis sobre efluentes contaminados artificialmente, utilizando técnicas de adsorción, procesos oxidativos avanzados (POA), humedales, biorreactor con membranas sumergidas, filtro de carbón activado e hidrólisis. Es importante resaltar que cada estudio operó con técnicas muy particulares, lo cual es el principal motivo de los diferentes resultados encontrados en métodos muy similares. El análisis mostró que entre los métodos observados, solo el proceso de oxidación tradicional con reactivo de Fenton, y el método de remoción por Hidrólisis Alcalina, con un pH de 12.5 en 60 minutos, alcanzaron el 100% de excelencia en la remoción del antibiótico. En el otro extremo, se observó que la técnica de remoción de antibióticos a través de humedales artificiales alcanzó una remoción mínima del 15% y el POA con fotólisis natural en 360 minutos con una remoción del 24%. Los números encontrados muestran la importancia de combinar métodos de tratamiento de aguas residuales para lograr una mayor pureza del efluente que se liberará al medio ambiente.A intensificação na poluição gerada pelas atividades humanas por décadas, lançando efluentes, in natura ou parcialmente tratados nos corpos hídricos receptores, causando sérios danos ao meio ambiente. Dentre estes efluentes, os fármacos acabam trazendo uma grande preocupação, uma vez que, podem ser resistentes inclusive aos processos convencionais de tratamento, o que acaba alertando para a problemática da falta de tratamento adequado. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, realizar uma análise dos métodos de tratamento de efluentes utilizados para remoção e degradação do antibiótico do grupo β-lactâmicos, amoxicilina. Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico envolta de trinta e oito artigos, com uma filtragem e seleção, resultando em apenas doze trabalhos que se enquadraram nos pré-requisitos estabelecidos. Grande parte dos estudos selecionados desenvolveu suas análises em efluentes contaminados artificialmente, utilizando técnicas de adsorção, processos oxidativos avançados (POAs), wetlands, biorreator com membranas submersas, filtro de carvão ativado e hidrólise. É importante ressaltar que cada estudo, operou com técnicas bastante particulares, sendo este o principal motivo dos diferentes resultados encontrados em métodos bastante semelhantes. A análise demonstrou que dentre os métodos observados, apenas o processo tradicional de oxidação com reagente Fenton, e o método de remoção por Hidrólise Alcalina, com pH de 12,5 em 60 minutos atingiram a excelência de 100% da remoção do antibiótico. No outro extremo observou-se que a técnica de remoção do antibiótico por meio de wetlands construídos, atingiu a remoção mínima de 15% e o POA com fotólise natural em tempo de 360 minutos com remoção de 24%. Os números encontrados apontam a importância de combinar os métodos de tratamento de esgoto para alcançar uma maior pureza do efluente que será lançado no ambiente

Morphology of Endothelial Cells from Different Regions of the Swine Cornea

Background: The corneal endothelium is a monolayer of polygonal cells which constitute the last layer of the cornea. The integrity of this layer is critical to cornea transparency. The characterization of normal corneal endothelial morphology is important not only to clinical evaluation but also to selection of areas of the cornea with better quality to be employed as donor tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphology of endothelial cells from different regions of the swine cornea after alizarin red staining using optical microscopy.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four healthy eyes from 12 swine Large White breed, with 14-month-old, males or females obtained from a licensed Brazilian commercial slaughterhouse were studied. Immediately after humane slaughter, the eyes were enucleated and submitted to ophthalmic examination. Eyes with signs of diseases of the anterior segment were excluded. The cornea, with 3 mm of the sclera, was removed and placed on a glass microscope slide with the endothelial side up. Four radial incisions were made in the periphery of the cornea to better accommodate the cornea on the microscope slide. Alizarin red was diluted in isotonic solution (0.2 g/100 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 4.2 with hydrochloric acid. Three drops of alizarin red were placed on the corneal endothelium. After 90 s, the dye was removed from the cornea with balanced saline solution. The corneal endothelium was examined and photographed using an optical microscope. All evaluations were performed by the same investigator. Photomicrographs were taken of central, superior, inferior, nasal and temporal corneal areas. Parameter studied included endothelial cell morphology. For the statistical analysis, was employed the ANOVA variance test (repeated measures). Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. Normal endothelium cells were mainly hexagonal (83.7%), pentagonal (7.45%) and heptagonal (8.8%), with a minimal number of cells of other shapes present. There were no significant statistical differences in the proportion of the morphology and the different regions of the cornea (P = 0.31).Discussion: Different techniques are available for the analysis of corneal endothelium, including mainly scanning electron microscopy, specular microscopy and optical microscopy. The analysis of the morphology of corneal endothelium with an optic microscope after staining with alizarin red has been described as an effective, rapid and cost-efficient method, since this dye blends the borated cells, allowing identification. In the present study, using optical microscopy and coloration with alizarin red it was possible to explore and to obtain images of the swine endothelium of all regions of the cornea.  The analysis of the cellular morphology or the percentage of hexagonal cells are among the main parameters used to evaluate the health of the corneal endothelium. In this study, the endothelium had the predominance of the hexagonal shape in all regions studied. In swine, there are no studies evaluating the shape of the endothelial cells in the five different regions of the cornea. This study has demonstrated that the parameters evaluated in swine did not differ significantly between the various places of the cornea

Morphology of endothelial cells from different regions of the swine cornea

Background: The corneal endothelium is a monolayer of polygonal cells which constitute the last layer of the cornea. The integrity of this layer is critical to cornea transparency. The characterization of normal corneal endothelial morphology is important not only to clinical evaluation but also to selection of areas of the cornea with better quality to be employed as donor tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphology of endothelial cells from different regions of the swine cornea after alizarin red staining using optical microscopy. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four healthy eyes from 12 swine Large White breed, with 14-monthold, males or females obtained from a licensed Brazilian commercial slaughterhouse were studied. Immediately after humane slaughter, the eyes were enucleated and submitted to ophthalmic examination. Eyes with signs of diseases of the anterior segment were excluded. The cornea, with 3 mm of the sclera, was removed and placed on a glass microscope slide with the endothelial side up. Four radial incisions were made in the periphery of the cornea to better accommodate the cornea on the microscope slide. Alizarin red was diluted in isotonic solution (0.2 g/100 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 4.2 with hydrochloric acid. Three drops of alizarin red were placed on the corneal endothelium. After 90 s, the dye was removed from the cornea with balanced saline solution. The corneal endothelium was examined and photographed using an optical microscope. All evaluations were performed by the same investigator. Photomicrographs were taken of central, superior, inferior, nasal and temporal corneal areas. Parameter studied included endothelial cell morphology. For the statistical analysis, was employed the ANOVA variance test (repeated measures). Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. Normal endothelium cells were mainly hexagonal (83.7%), pentagonal (7.45%) and heptagonal (8.8%), with a minimal number of cells of other shapes present. There were no significant statistical differences in the proportion of the morphology and the different regions of the cornea (P = 0.31). Discussion: Different techniques are available for the analysis of corneal endothelium, including mainly scanning electron microscopy, specular microscopy and optical microscopy. The analysis of the morphology of corneal endothelium with an optic microscope after staining with alizarin red has been described as an effective, rapid and cost-efficient method, since this dye blends the borated cells, allowing identification. In the present study, using optical microscopy and coloration with alizarin red it was possible to explore and to obtain images of the swine endothelium of all regions of the cornea. The analysis of the cellular morphology or the percentage of hexagonal cells are among the main parameters used to evaluate the health of the corneal endothelium. In this study, the endothelium had the predominance of the hexagonal shape in all regions studied. In swine, there are no studies evaluating the shape of the endothelial cells in the five different regions of the cornea. This study has demonstrated that the parameters evaluated in swine did not differ significantly between the various places of the cornea

Control of the South American fruit fly in pear fruits with natural-based products

This study aimed to assess, in laboratory conditions, the effect of andiroba oil (2L 100L-1), kaolin (7.5Kg 100L-1), azadirachtin (2.5L 100L-1), metidationa (100mL 100L-1) and distilled water (control) on the oviposition and mortality of adults of A.fraterculus in no-choice and free-choice tests. The experimental design was randomized with five treatments and 20 replicatesfor the no-choice test; and 15 replicates for the free-choice test. Fruits were immersed in each treatment solution, dried at room temperature and placed in pots with two couples of A. fraterculus (no-choice test) and in arenas with four couples along with a fruit that was previously immersed in water (free-choice test).Twenty-five days after infestation, fruits were dissecated and the number of larvae was recorded as well the number of pupae and adults. Only methidathion was effective on adults with mortality of 91.3% (P&lt;0.05). There was no larval emergence and, consequently, pupae and adult development in fruits treated with andiroba oil and methidathion in both tests. Azadirachtin and kaolin did not present any effect on A. fraterculus. Andiroba oil was effective on the reduction of the infestation of pear fruits by A. fraterculus.This study aimed to assess, in laboratory conditions, the effect of andiroba oil (2L 100L-1), kaolin (7.5Kg 100L-1), azadirachtin (2.5L 100L-1), metidationa (100mL 100L-1) and distilled water (control) on the oviposition and mortality of adults of A.fraterculus in no-choice and free-choice tests. The experimental design was randomized with five treatments and 20 replicatesfor the no-choice test; and 15 replicates for the free-choice test. Fruits were immersed in each treatment solution, dried at room temperature and placed in pots with two couples of A. fraterculus (no-choice test) and in arenas with four couples along with a fruit that was previously immersed in water (free-choice test).Twenty-five days after infestation, fruits were dissecated and the number of larvae was recorded as well the number of pupae and adults. Only methidathion was effective on adults with mortality of 91.3% (P&lt;0.05). There was no larval emergence and, consequently, pupae and adult development in fruits treated with andiroba oil and methidathion in both tests. Azadirachtin and kaolin did not present any effect on A. fraterculus. Andiroba oil was effective on the reduction of the infestation of pear fruits by A. fraterculus

An eco-friendly and low-cost strategy for groundwater defluorination: adsorption of fluoride onto calcinated sludge

The excess of fluoride ions (F−) in water for human supply is a serious public health. The recommended concentration of F− ions by the World Health Organization (WHO) is 1.5 mg L-1. Several groundwater sources around the world contain high F− concentrations, and require treatment before human consumption. It was developed an eco-friendly and low-cost strategy for groundwater defluorination, i.e., adsorption onto calcinated sludge. This strategy was efficient at pH of 5.5 and using 5 g L-1 of calcinated sludge. The groundwater attained the WHO standard within 60 min. The kinetic model of pseudo-second-order obtained a better adjustment to the experimental data. The equilibrium curve at 25 °C was better represented by the Tóth model. The maximum adsorption capacity was 2.04 mg g-1. Therefore, adsorption using calcinated sludge can be considered as an eco-friendly and low-cost strategy for groundwater defluorination

Recursos alimentares e padrão populacional em colmeias de Apis mellifera utilizadas para polinização de macieiras

The objective of this work was to evaluate the variations in the stored food resources and in the number of immature bees in Apis mellifera hives used for apple (Malus domestica) pollination. The study was conducted in the municipality of Vacaria, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with 40 hives, over two consecutive harvests. The evaluations were done in the hive brood frames before, during, and 45 days after a pollination period, by interpreting photographic field records. Before being transported to the orchards, the bees foraged primarily in areas with native forest or canola (Brassica napus) crop, in 2014/2015, and with native forest or eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.) reforestation, in 2015/2016. In both harvests, the percentage of food resources (honey and pollen) stored in the hives reduced significantly between the pre- and post-pollination periods, but there was no significant difference between the pollination and post-pollination periods. The greatest reduction in the storage of these resources was observed in the hives from the canola crop, which had a large supply of floral resources compared with the apple orchards. The hives most susceptible to population variations within the apple orchards are those from the canola crop, whereas those from areas with a lower food supply (forest and eucalyptus) show population gains in the apple orchards.O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as variações nas áreas de recursos alimentares armazenados, e nas áreas de imaturos em colmeias de Apis mellifera utilizadas em polinização de pomares de macieiras. O estudo foi realizado no município de Vacaria, RS onde foram avaliadas 40 colmeias de A. mellifera em serviços de polinização em duas safras consecutivas (2014/15 e 2015/16). A avaliação quantitativa de recursos e população de imaturos em colmeias antes, durante e após os serviços de polinização foi realizada pela interpretação de registros fotográficos realizados a campo. Ocorreram variações significativas nas áreas de reservas de recursos das colmeias utilizadas em serviços de polinização de macieiras, diretamente relacionadas aos locais de origem. Colmeias provenientes de áreas com grande oferta de recursos foram as mais prejudicadas pela estada no pomar houve uma redução de 95 % dos recursos e de 79% na população de imaturos. Também colmeias oriundas de áreas com alta disponibilidade de recursos florais são as que menos guardam, com diminuições de 85 a 95% nas áreas ocupadas com mel e 70 a 81% para pólen